Applied artificial intelligence technology for using narrative analytics to automatically generate narratives from bar charts

ABSTRACT

Disclosed herein are example embodiments that describe how a narrative generation techniques can be used in connection with data visualization tools to automatically generate narratives that explain the information conveyed by a visualization of a data set. In example embodiments, new data structures and artificial intelligence (AI) logic can be used by narrative generation software to map different types of visualizations to different types of story configurations that will drive how narrative text is generated by the narrative generation software.

CROSS-REFERENCE AND PRIORITY CLAIM TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/253,385, filed Aug. 31, 2016, and entitled “Applied Artificial Intelligence Technology for Using Narrative Analytics to Automatically Generate Narratives from Visualization Data”, which claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/249,813, filed Nov. 2, 2015, and entitled “Automatic Generation of Narratives to Accompany Visualizations”, the entire disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

This patent application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/414,089, filed this same day, and entitled “Applied Artificial Intelligence Technology for Using Narrative Analytics to Automatically Generate Narratives from Line Charts”, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/253,385, which claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/249,813, filed Nov. 2, 2015, and entitled “Automatic Generation of Narratives to Accompany Visualizations”.

INTRODUCTION

Visualizations such as charts and graphs are useful tools for communicating information about a data set. Examples of different types of visualizations that are widely used include line charts, bar charts, pie charts, scatterplot charts, etc. Visualization has been the predominant approach, both commercially and in terms of academic research, to the challenge of making data and data analytics meaningful to people.

For example, FIG. 1A depicts a bar chart that identifies total car sales for a number of different countries in a given year. The y-axis identifies the volume of total car sales, and the x-axis identifies different countries. Thus, the height of a given bar identifies the total number of car sales (indicated by the height of the bar on the y-axis) for a given country (indicated by the placement of the bar along the x-axis next to an adjoining country label). With FIG. 1A, information is conveyed to a user solely through the visualization itself.

As another example, FIG. 1B depicts a line chart that identifies total car production over a time. The y-axis identifies the volume of total car production, and the x-axis identifies the relevant time span in years. A line connects the data points so that a user can see how total car production may have risen or fallen during the subject time span. As with the visualization of FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B only conveys information to the user solely through the visualization itself.

Underlying the visualizations shown by FIGS. 1A and 1B are data sets that provide the basis for the respective bar chart and line chart. For example, the bar chart of FIG. 1A is generated from an underlying data set that identifies data pairs of {Country, Total Car Sales Value} for each country within a set of countries {Country 1, Country 2, . . . }. Similarly, the line chart of FIG. 1B is generated from an underlying data set that identifies data pairs of {Year, Total Car Production Value} for each year within a set of years {Year 1, Year 2, . . . }.

Many data visualization software programs have arisen in the art that are designed to create a wide array of visualizations from underlying data sets such as these. Examples of visualization software applications that are known in the art include the Qlik visualization platform and the Tableau visualization platform. While the inventors recognize that existing visualization platforms provide powerful tools for generating visualizations of data sets, the inventors also believe the visualizations themselves are unable to communicate many interesting or important aspects of the underlying data to users because of the inherently limited nature of communicating information via charts and graphs. Visualization platforms are typically limited to creating rudimentary legends and identifications of significant data points such as maximum/minimum points on a plot in an effort to better convey the information depicted via the visualization.

The conventional approach for significantly enhancing the effectiveness of communication provided by a visualization is to pair the visualization with a caption or the like. These captions may summarize or explain important aspects of the accompanying visualization. However, conventionally, the generation of captions has relied on humans interpreting the visualization itself and manually writing the caption based on their understanding of the subject visualization. This not only places significant burdens on the people creating data visualizations and captions, but the quality of the resulting captions themselves is fundamentally limited by the experience and knowledge of the writer. Hence, conventional approaches to generating visualizations and explaining the meaning of such visualizations are not scalable to cost-effective widespread deployment.

Furthermore, while some attempts have been made at using software to auto-generate captions for use with visualizations, the inventors believe that these approaches fail to provide sufficiently significant, deep, or meaningful explanation about the information conveyed by the visualization. For example, published PCT patent application WO 2014/035403 discloses a method and apparatus for annotating a graphical output where a raw data set is both processed to create a graph about that data set and processed using natural language generation (NLG) techniques to create a text annotation about that data set, and where the annotated text can be displayed in conjunction with the created graph. However, this publication fails to contemplate using the nature of the graph itself to influence how NLG is applied to select and organize information to be conveyed in the annotated text.

The inventors thus believe a significant need exists in the art for technology that is capable of automatically generating narrative text that explains, in natural language, the information conveyed in a visualization of a data set. Such automatically generated narrative text could then accompany the visualization and alleviate people from both the time requirements and mental burdens of closely analyzing data visualizations and manually writing narrative text about such visualizations.

Toward this end, the inventors note that the assignee of the subject patent application has previously developed and commercialized pioneering technology that automatically generates narrative stories from data, of which a commercial embodiment is the QUILL™ narrative generation platform from Narrative Science Inc. of Chicago, Ill. Aspects of this technology are described in the following patents and patent applications: U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,374,848, 8,355,903, 8,630,844, 8,688,434, 8,775,161, 8,843,363, 8,886,520, 8,892,417, 9,208,147, 9,251,134, and 9,396,168 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/211,444 (entitled “Method and System for Configuring Automatic Generation of Narratives from Data”, filed Mar. 14, 2014), Ser. No. 14/521,264 (entitled “Automatic Generation of Narratives from Data Using Communication Goals and Narrative Analytics, filed Oct. 22, 2014), Ser. No. 14/570,834 (entitled “Automatic Generation of Narratives from Data Using Communication Goals and Narrative Analytics, filed Dec. 15, 2014), Ser. No. 14/570,858 (entitled “Automatic Generation of Narratives from Data Using Communication Goals and Narrative Analytics, filed Dec. 15, 2014), Ser. No. 14/626,966 (entitled “Automatic Generation of Narratives from Data Using Communication Goals and Narrative Analytics, filed Feb. 20, 2015), and Ser. No. 14/626,980 (entitled “Automatic Generation of Narratives from Data Using Communication Goals and Narrative Analytics, filed Feb. 20, 2015), the entire disclosures of each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

Thus, according to one aspect of providing a technical solution to the above-described need in the art, the inventors disclose that a narrative generation platform such as the technology described in the above-referenced and incorporated patents and patent applications can be integrated with a visualization platform via an application programming interface (API). Through this API, the visualization platform can pass visualization data to the narrative generation platform. The narrative generation platform can then apply its artificial intelligence-driven natural language generation (NLG) software technology to this visualization data to automatically generate narrative text about the visualization data. Furthermore, the narrative generation platform can then pass the narrative text back to the visualization platform through the API in a format that permits the visualization platform to include the narrative text for display along with the visualization itself. The inventors also note that the visualization platform can be designed to include its own artificial intelligence-driven natural language generation (NLG) software technology for automatically generating narrative text about the visualization data, in which case the need for an API through which visualization data is passed to an external narrative generation platform can be obviated. Likewise, a narrative generation platform can be designed to include visualization software for generating visualizations from data sets, in which case the need for an API through which separate visualization and narrative generation platforms communicate can be obviated.

As a further technical solution to the above-described need in the art, the inventors also disclose that new data structures and artificial intelligence (AI) logic can be used by the narrative generation software to map different types of visualizations to different types of story configurations that will drive how narrative text is generated by the narrative generation software. The inventors have recognized that different types of visualizations typically communicate different stories to users, as explained below. However, the inventors were not aware of any existing technology able to interpret visualization data to determine an appropriate manner by which to explain that visualization data, much less translate such an interpretation so that it could be used by narrative generation software for generating narrative text that explains the visualization data in accordance with the determined manner. To solve this problem, in an example embodiment, the inventors devised a data structure that associates visualization data with a story configuration for use by a narrative generation system. The narrative generation system can then use this data structure to map a given instance of visualization data to the appropriate story configuration for use by the narrative generation system to generate narrative text that explains the subject visualization in a desired manner. In other example embodiments, visualization data can be mapped to any of a number of specific special-purpose narrative generation systems as discussed below. A data structure is a physical manifestation of information organized within a computing system. Examples of data structures may include data files, records, tables, arrays, trees, objects, and the like. Thus, by way of example, the inventive data structure may take the form of a table that maps a visualization type determined from a set of visualization data to a story configuration. By way of another example, the inventive data structure may take the form of a set of rules that map a set of visualization data to a story configuration. The narrative generation system can then store different story configurations that are associated by the data structure with different types of visualizations, and the narrative generation system can refer to this data structure for a given visualization to decide how to best explain that visualization via narrative text.

Further still, the inventors also disclose another inventive data structure for use within the narrative generation system that maps data and metadata from a visualization to specific parameters of an associated story configuration so that the narrative generation system is able to select which components of the visualization data are applied to specific components of the narrative analytics associated with the determined story configuration.

These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be described hereinafter to those having ordinary skill in the art.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A and 1B depict examples of different visualizations generated from a different sets of visualization data.

FIG. 2A depicts an example system showing how a visualization platform can integrated with a narrative generation platform to automatically generate narratives about visualization data.

FIG. 2B depicts an example visualization parameter data structure.

FIGS. 2C-F depict further examples of different visualizations generated from different sets of visualization data.

FIG. 3 depicts an example process flow for automatically generating narratives from visualization data.

FIG. 4 depicts an example data architecture underlying an example narrative generation platform that supports configurable story specifications.

FIG. 5 depicts another example configuration and process flow for execution by a computer system to automatically generate a narrative from visualization data using the model described by FIG. 4.

FIGS. 6A-C depict the example visualizations of FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 2C, respectively, paired with narrative text automatically generated using the process flow of FIG. 3.

FIG. 7A depicts an example visualization generated from visualization data.

FIG. 7B depicts an example data structure that embodies narrative text about the visualization of FIG. 7A generated using the process flow of FIG. 3.

FIG. 7C depicts the visualization of FIG. 7A augmented with a display of the narrative text shown by FIG. 7B.

FIG. 8A depicts an example visualization of revenue by month that is augmented with a display of narrative text automatically generated using the process flow of FIG. 3.

FIGS. 8B-L depict example graphical user interface (GUI) screens that show how a user can compose a story configuration using the data architecture of FIG. 4 for use with the example embodiments of FIGS. 2A and 3.

FIG. 9A depicts another example visualization of revenue by month.

FIGS. 9B and 9C depict an example data structure for the visualization data that underlies the visualization of FIG. 9A.

FIG. 9D depicts a transformed version of the data structure of FIGS. 9B-C for use by a narrative generation platform.

FIGS. 9E-H depict an example data structure generated by the narrative analytics of a narrative generation platform from the data structure of FIG. 9D.

FIG. 9I depicts a story outline defined by a story configuration used to generate narrative text about the visualization of FIG. 9A.

FIGS. 9J and 9K show portions of an example GUI used to construct, inspect, and modify the story configuration corresponding to the outline of FIG. 9I.

FIG. 9L shows an example XML representation of a narrative text produced for the story configuration corresponding to the outline of FIG. 9I.

FIG. 9M depicts an example HTML representation that embodies the produced for the story configuration corresponding to the outline of FIG. 9I.

FIG. 9N depicts an example of how the data structure of FIG. 9M can be rendered for display on a computer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 2A depicts an example embodiment of a system that includes a visualization platform 200 integrated with a narrative generation platform 202 in order to support an automated generation of narrative texts about visualization data relating to a visualization generated by the visualization platform 200. An API 206 can be used to integrate the visualization platform 200 with the narrative generation platform 202, although as mentioned above, it should be understood that (1) the visualization platform 200 itself could include narrative analytics and narrative generation software that enable to the visualization platform to itself generate narratives as described herein, and/or (2) the narrative generation platform 202 itself could include visualization software to enable the narrative generation platform to generate visualizations such that the need for the API is obviated. Also, in the example embodiment of FIG. 2A, the visualization platform 200 and narrative generation platform 202 can communicate with each other over a network via the API 206, although it should be understood that these platforms could be integrated on the same computer such that communication over a network is not needed.

Examples of a visualization platform 200 suitable for use with the system of FIG. 2A include the Qlik visualization platform and the Tableau visualization platform. Examples of a narrative generation platform 202 suitable for use with the system of FIG. 2A include the narrative generation platforms described in the above-referenced and incorporated patents and patent applications, of which the QUILL™ narrative generation platform from Narrative Science Inc. of Chicago, Ill. is an example commercial embodiment.

The visualization platform 200 may include links to the narrative generation platform 202 as an extension or plug-in to the visualization platform software, and through these plug-in links the narrative generation operations described herein can be invoked.

The visualization platform 200 generates a visualization 208 from a visualization data set 212 using widely known techniques. Typically, a user instructs the visualization platform 200 to access a data source 200 so that a data set 212 can be processed to create a user-defined chart that displays the data set 212 in a meaningful way. Examples of chart types supported by a visualization platform 200 may include line charts, bar charts (vertical, horizontal, clustered, stacked, etc.), pie charts, scatterplots, etc. The data set 212 typically includes various data elements and corresponding data values that are to be plotted in some fashion via a chart produced by the visualization platform 200. It should be understood that the data set 212 may be some subset of the total data stored in data source 210. For example, data source 210 may include sales data for a company across the entire United States. However, the data set 212 used for a given visualization might just include the sales data for the company with respect to a particular state or set of states (e.g., the Midwest). Similarly, the sales data in data source 210 may be total sales data aggregated from all of the company's product lines, while the data set 212 used for visualization might be only sales data for a single product line. Accordingly, it should be understood that the data source 210 may include data in addition to the data set 212 used for a visualization.

When creating a visualization from a data set 212, the visualization platform 200 operates to augment the data set 212 with additional data and metadata that describe the nature of the resulting visualization. This results in the creation of visualization parameter data 214. FIG. 2B shows an example visualization parameter data structure 214. This example relates to the visualization of FIG. 1B. The visualization parameter data structure 214 includes not only specific data values for the data elements presented on the line chart of FIG. 1B but also metadata about those data values and/or the visualization itself. For example, the data and metadata may include an identification of a chart type (e.g., a line chart), a name for the measure being plotted (e.g., total car production), a data array of values for the measure, names for the chart dimensions (e.g., years), among other forms of data and metadata. It should be understood that this data and metadata can be organized in the data structure 214 in any of a number of formats. FIG. 2B is merely an example for the purposes of illustration. The visualization parameter data structure 214 can be communicated to the narrative generation platform 202 via API 206.

The narrative generation platform 202 can then leverage one or more data structures 204 that map visualization parameter data to a story configuration used by the narrative generation platform. While the narrative generation platform 202 in the example embodiments discussed in greater detail herein is a highly flexible platform capable of generating multiple types of narrative stories using a common platform that operates on parameterized story configurations (examples of which are described in several of the above-referenced and incorporated patents and patent applications), it should be understood that the narrative generation platform 202 need not necessarily employ such a modular and flexible approach to narrative generation. For example, the narrative generation platform may include a number of separate software programs that are coded to generate specific types of stories, and a processor can use the data structure(s) 204 to decide which of these specific software programs will be used to generate a story with respect to a given visualization parameter data structure 214. In such an embodiment, multiple APIs 206 may be employed by the visualization platform 200 where a plug-in will invoke a different API depending on which specific narrative generation software application should be used As another example, a narrative generation system can employ a large set of different narrative analytics operations, each tied to rules that govern when those narrative analytics and other operations necessary to generate a narrative, each tied to rules that govern when those operations are to be used with respect to which story types. Thus, whenever anywhere in the course of the system's operations a choice depends on “story type”—e.g., whether or not to use this particular analytic, whether or not to use this particular characterization of its result, this language, etc.—rather than making these choices up front or “en masse” as it were, as in the first two approaches, at every such choice inside the system, the developer adds as an additional conjunct that one (or more) story type(s) has/have been indicated. That being said, the inventors believe that the use of a highly modular and parameterized narrative generation platform as described herein in combination with visualization parameter data will be particularly flexible and extensible as a solution to generating narrative text that explains a visualization in greater detail.

FIG. 2A shows an example of a data structure 204 that may be used to associate visualization parameter data 214 with story types 220. It should be understood that such a data structure can be retained in memory, and such memory may be part of the narrative generation platform 202. However, it should be understood that such memory may also be located elsewhere. The identified story types 220 can be associated with story configurations, which are parameterized data structures used by the narrative generation platform to generate the associated story type from the given visualization parameter data 214. Such a story configuration can take the form of the story specifications 222 described in several of the above-referenced and incorporated patents and patent applications. For example, the story configuration for each story type 220 can comprise an outline of one or more content block data structures, and one or more of the content block data structures may comprise one or more angle data structures or other components as discussed in the above-referenced and incorporated patent applications. It should be understood that the story specifications 222 in turn will have their own parameterized data requirements, and these data requirements can be fed by visualization parameter data 214 obtained from the visualization platform 200 to thereby configure the story specifications 222 for use by the narrative generation platform 202 to automatically generate a narrative story 210 to accompany a visualization 208. Furthermore, the narrative generation platform 200 may also optionally be configured to access the data source 210 for the visualization data set 212 to obtain additional data 216 that might be used by components of the identified story specification 222.

One of the first tasks for appropriately designing data structure 204 is determining what types of stories to tell for which types of visualizations. Different story types, whether represented explicitly in the narrative system or not, address different communication or narrative goals—e.g., answer different kinds of questions, make different kinds of points, and are organized differently. These different communication or narrative goals, in turn, will use and determine different types of data analytics, different types of narrative characterizations of (e.g., angles on) the data—including both the input data and any derived data or features resulting from the analytics—and, finally, different input data needs. The resulting facts, characterizations, and interpretations are then organized for presentation differently, again as specifically appropriate to the story type. A story type, in sum, specifies or comprises a set of data needs, analytics, relevant (user) information needs or points, characterization rules or angles, and organizational forms satisfying one or more communication goals—whether or not those goals are explicitly represented—that, taken together, comprise a configuration for, or adaptation of, a narrative generation system. This configuration or adaptation in turn enables the system to generate narratives of the appropriate type—i.e., answering the appropriate questions, making the relevant points, providing the appropriate information and characterizations, and organized appropriately in order to meet the user's needs.

Thus the first challenge in configuring or adapting any narrative generation platform 202, such as QUILL, when linked to or integrated with a visualization platform 200, in order to produce appropriate and relevant narratives to accompany a given visualization (or class of visualizations) generated by that visualization platform, is this: determining what type of story the system should tell to accompany that specific visualization or class of visualizations. As discussed above, this story type comprises or specifies a configuration of specific computational mechanisms and data and information types that determine what questions the story will answer, what points and interpretations of the data it may offer, and how it will be organized. The result should be a story that makes sense to the user in conjunction with the visualization, and helps the user to understand better the most important conclusions to be drawn from the data underlying that visualization.

Any technical solution to this core challenge should address a number of subsidiary and more specific technical issues: First, what kinds of narratives (story types) are appropriate for given visualizations or classes of visualizations? Second, how are these to be represented and how utilized within a computer system so that the narratives can be generated? And third, how can the system determine the appropriate story type to apply?

The above-referenced and incorporated patents and patent applications address much of the second issue. For example, in one approach, a specific story type is expressed as a special-purpose narrative generation system aimed at producing stories of that specific type. In a more flexible approach, a specific story type is expressed, using some specification language, as a configuration for a configurable narrative generation platform or engine, which can then produce narratives of the appropriate type as specified by that configuration. However, as discussed above, the challenge still remains regarding how to intelligently link such narrative generation to visualization data so that the narrative generation platform can be used to generate narratives that tell the desired stories. These issues are the focus of the first and third technical challenges referenced in the paragraph above (and further elaborated below).

Another technical issue to be addressed in configuring or adapting a narrative generation platform to operate properly in any given context is this: What data are to be used in generating a story or set of stories? In the context of integrating a narrative generation platform with a visualization platform, one overall approach that can be taken to address this issue is that the data used to drive the narrative generation process, at least at its core, can be the same data that are used to drive the visualization that the narrative is intended to accompany. This overall approach however still leaves a number of subsidiary technical questions to be addressed, specifically, from where, and how, the data to be used in generating the story will be drawn, as well as what additional data might be utilized (and, again, where and how these data are to be drawn).

Yet another technical question that needs to be addressed in this context is, how are the available data used to fulfill the data requirements of the appropriate story type? Toward this end, disclosed herein are data structures that specify how available visualization data and metadata are mapped to parameters of the appropriate story configuration or an appropriate special-purpose narrative generation system as well as corresponding processes that use such data structures.

The following description explains how these technical challenges can be solved with reference to an example embodiment.

A. DETERMINING APPROPRIATE STORY TYPE

In developing solutions to the challenge of how to determine the appropriate story type, a constraint that a practitioner may want to impose is that, from a usability perspective, as far as possible we don't want to burden the user of a combined visualization and narrative generation system with much, or if possible, any additional work at all in configuring or adapting the narrative generation platform, beyond what is necessary to configure the visualization platform itself. That is, configuring a visualization (or class of visualizations) within a visualization platform—specifying the nature of the visualization, selecting the data to be visualized, specifying the types or units of those data, determining the scope (temporal, geographic, categorical, etc.) over which the visualization will range, providing labels for axes, data, or other elements of the visualization, etc.—should simultaneously serve, to the fullest extent possible, to determine the appropriate configuration or adaptation of the narrative generation engine in order to produce an appropriate narrative or narratives to accompany the specific visualization or class of visualizations.

Keeping this in mind, a mechanism needs to be developed that is able to determine the appropriate type of story to tell to accompany the visualization based on attributes of the visualization itself as specified by the user. More specifically, the nature of the visualization chosen, and/or of the data chosen to drive that visualization, as well as other parameters supplied by the user of the visualization platform in the course of configuring or utilizing it, should be used to specify the story type or types of appropriate narratives to accompany that visualization. This approach is based on the observation that, in choosing a particular visualization, and in parameterizing it in certain ways, the user aims to convey certain information that he or she believes the user needs to understand. Has the user specified a bar chart? A stacked bar chart? A pie chart? A line chart (i.e., graph) with a single line? One with multiple lines? Using certain kinds of data or metadata, e.g., certain labels? These and similar choices can be taken as indicators of the user's information needs, as understood by the creator of the visualization (which might be the user him- or herself). Our approach, therefore, is to develop a mechanism that is able to utilize such choices to determine appropriate story types to meet those corresponding needs.

At its core, the mechanism we propose to determine appropriate story types (and hence appropriate configurations or adaptations of the story generation system) utilizes a mapping from types of visualizations, and/or their parameterizations in terms of the data utilized and (perhaps) other specifications, to appropriate types of stories, and their parameterizations. In this way, the mechanism can utilize user specifications of the visualization system to determine, at least in part, the configuration or adaptation of the narrative generation engine to which it is linked that will produce stories appropriate to the visualizations produced by the visualization system.

That is, for an example embodiment that generates narratives to accompany visualizations within the setting of a visualization platform, an example embodiment of the technology disclosed herein uses the type of visualization chosen, and/or how it is specialized or parameterized, to determine the appropriate story type to accompany that visualization.

In another example embodiment, a system can ask the user directly to specify the type of story he or she wants. This approach is potentially more flexible, but, even assuming the user makes the right choices, will require additional user effort. Additionally, if the user makes the wrong choice, it may result in a confusing mismatch between the type of “story” the visualization attempts to tell, and the type of story that the accompanying narrative actually does tell.

In general, in what follows we will describe the less frictional approach in which the nature of the visualization is determined as much as possible directly from information provided by the visualization system itself. That is, the nature of the visualization, and of how it is specified and parameterized, is used to determine the story type. The user isn't, him- or herself, required to figure out what story type goes with what kind of visualization.

Developing a mapping as described above involves first developing a specific model, for each possible visualization type and/or its parameterizations and other related information, of what the appropriate story types to accompany visualizations are. Addressing this challenge requires enumerating visualization types and/or types of their parameterizations and other related information—e.g., the nature of the data and metadata used to parameterize the visualizations—and then specifying the mapping from those types to particular story types, including specifically the nature of the important points to be made and the analytics to be performed in order to make those points.

This approach can be described in terms of an example. The simplest case is probably a bar chart displaying, over multiple entities, one measurable attribute or dimension—for example, a simple bar chart indicating automobile production over a given interval of time in a number of different countries (see FIG. 1A).

What kind of story or stories should accompany this visualization? In general, a bar chart of this sort seems to invite stories that focus on the distribution, ranking, and comparison of the values displayed in the bar chart. More specifically, these stories can be of a type that:

-   -   1. Describes the distribution of values for the measured         attribute or dimension (in this case, automobile production) in         aggregate terms—e.g., range (i.e., [max, min]), mean, median,         how smooth or “clumpy” the distribution of values is, and         natural clusters of values (if any), etc.     -   2. Ranks the different entities (in this case, countries)         according to this dimension.     -   3. Talks about and compares specific entities—e.g., where the         leader stands with respect to the others—and/or describes         specific clusters (e.g., the “broad middle,” if it exists) and         perhaps exemplary entities within these clusters.         For example, depending on the facts of the matter, the story         might characterize the distribution as smooth, or it might         describe one or two outliers as well as one or more groupings         (clusters) of similar values. If the user or metadata specify         particular entities of interest, either in the initial         parameterization the visualization initially or through         subsequent interaction, then how those particular entities         compare with the set as a whole and with each other should also         be specifically computed and discussed. FIG. 6A presents a         representative example of narrative text 600 that describes the         bar chart of FIG. 1A in accordance with this kind of story type.         As explained below, the narrative generation platform 202 is         configured to automatically generate this narrative text 600         from the visualization parameter data 214 for the bar chart of         FIG. 1A.

More concisely and specifically, the choice of a simple bar chart by the user (or whoever has configured the visualization system), expressing a single attribute for multiple entities, with no further information or assumptions about those entities, implies that the story type should express the communication goals of “characterize distribution” and/or “assess component elements with respect to a set”; should use such analytics as “rank”, “compare”, “mean”, “median”, “max”, “min”, “cluster”, etc., in order to fulfill these communication goals; should characterize the results both in aggregate terms (e.g., a tight distribution, one or a few major players plus many smaller entities, smooth and evenly distributed, clustered, etc.), and by picking out and describing interesting exemplars (the leader and/or other outliers) with respect to the entire set; etc.

The above-mentioned elements (communication goals, analytics, types of characterizations, etc.) comprise or determine the appropriate configuration (or, in the case of single-purpose systems, adaptation) of the narrative generation process in order to appropriately generate narratives suitable to accompanying a visualization of this type.

In determining the appropriate narrative type, or in generating a narrative, the system may need to understand certain facts about the types of or relations among the entities, dimension, metrics, units, etc., that are parameters to the visualization (and so of the narrative generation process as well). This additional information might be provided by the visualization platform itself, or by the user, or the system may determine this information itself or even simply make certain assumptions about it. For example, if the system has no other information about the entities on the x-axis other than their names, their appearance on the x-axis of a bar chart such as this implies that they are distinct but similar entities without any further relationships, e.g., members of a peer set. (This can be important in order to select appropriate analytics, characterizations, and language for use in constructing the narrative.) However, these assumptions might occasionally be wrong (particularly if a user has chosen an inappropriate visualization model for the data and task at hand), in which case the story, while expressing true characterizations, might seem a bit off the mark.

Let's now look at a variation on this: a simple bar chart in which the “entities” are time intervals, e.g., years, or quarters. The time intervals will typically be ordered sequentially (e.g., it would be a bit weird to have 1997, then 2003, then 2001, etc.—but see below regarding vertical bar charts/histograms). For example, we might be looking at yearly automobile production in a single country over a decade. In such instances we will want to carry out most of the same analyses described above—ranking, finding the mean and media, characterizing the distribution in terms of smoothness, clustering, etc. But, in addition, we will also want to analyze and characterize the data temporally—i.e., in terms of peaks and low points; trends (first and second derivatives, as well as periods or streaks/runs of increasing, flat, and decreasing values); smoothness or noisiness; etc. In other words, it is appropriate to generate in this context a richer story that takes into account and leverages not only the fact that the visualization type is a bar chart, but also the fact that the independent variable (i.e., the entities or values on the x-axis) is temporal in nature (in fact, that a line chart might also have been appropriate, even though it wasn't used). In order to accomplish this, the system needs to recognize that the independent variable is continuous, even though the chart type isn't, and more specifically, that it specifies a time sequence. To support this, in turn, the system can be configured to determine that the labels on the x-axis on the bar chart refers to time periods, e.g., years, quarters, minutes, etc., or employ a method of interacting with the user to make such a determination. (This process is described in more detail in the next section.)

Note that the additional types of analysis and description relevant in this case (peaks, trends, etc.) also applies to any continuous variable used along the x-axis, whether explicitly labeled as such or not. The variable could be for example, contiguous geographic regions or locations along some line (e.g., distance from a central point); or really anything that could sensibly be used to label the x-axis of a line chart or graph (see below). However, again, a bar chart emphasizes “distribution” and “comparison” as the salient points of the visualization more than a line chart would, and this can be taken into account in the configuration or adaptation of the narrative generation process to generate an appropriate narrative to accompany such a visualization, even when the data (and metadata) themselves support additional analytics and characterizations.

B. DETERMINING THE DATA AND USEFUL METADATA

Before turning to other types of visualizations (and associated parameterizations and information) and how they can be mapped to a story type that would appropriately complement them, let's turn to the second question of where the data used to generate the story will come from. In example embodiments, we propose two approaches. Under a first approach, it comes directly from the visualization platform itself, or from some other source (most likely, from the data source 210 that supplied the visualization system with the data in the first place). That is, in one approach, a narrative accompanying a visualization to be generated can be based on the data that parameterize that visualization—i.e., on the specific input data for that visualization, as supplied by the visualization system itself, or by the same system or systems that parameterize(s) the visualization system (whether automatically or based on user choice). It might also be possible, as mentioned, to base the narrative on the data that are used to supply the specific input data for the visualization (e.g., data set 212 or other data within data source 210 rather than visualization parameter data 214), which would typically be a much larger data set including other elements, or even from some other source entirely. (There might in some cases be advantages to doing that, e.g., if the additional data could be used to tell a richer story or to discern additional important distinctions.) Whatever the source, however, the data that drive the visualization (i.e., that are the inputs to the visualization) comprise the specific data of most interest to the user—this is why they were chosen to drive the visualization in the first place.

However, using these data as so specified, particularly if provided directly by the visualization platform itself (or by some other system that has already narrowed the set of data to be used by the visualization), may in general result in a narrative generation platform knowing less about the data than it might know if it were configured to draw data directly from more primary sources. That is, under a second approach, in drawing data directly from (relatively speaking) primary data sources, a narrative generation platform will typically be configured with, or be able itself to determine, metadata about those data, including the nature of the entities and/or circumstances being described, the natures of the attributes, features, and dimensions used to describe those entities or circumstances, units in which those, etc., much more than may be possible when drawing the data directly from a visualization platform. This might, in some cases and to some extent, limit how a story type might be chosen and/or tailored to accompany the particular visualization when drawing data directly from the visualization system. However, it's important to note as well that this isn't necessarily the case; in some cases, some or all of the relevant metadata may be preserved and even utilized by the visualization platform itself; or the narrative generation platform may recover these metadata by accessing the original data source directly, or by asking a user to supply certain information (via, e.g., a structured dialog), or by using some method to itself determine the metadata.

Thus, for example, consider the case of a bar (or for that matter a line) chart in which the values used as labels on the x-axis denote time intervals or increments, which is important for the reasons described above—it changes the nature of the story we might tell and the analytics we might apply. If we draw the data directly from the primary source, or if the visualization platform preserves the relevant metadata, the system might determine this through metadata about these values/labels (or the entries or names from which they are drawn) available from the visualization platform or some other data source. That is, the values/labels or the axis itself may be explicitly indicated as drawn from a known data type denoting a temporal measure. If not, then the system will have to “recover” this metadata. This can be accomplished either by asking the user directly through, e.g., a structured user interface dialog, or via a set (as complete as possible) of special purpose recognizers for x-axis values/labels, or for labels on the axis itself as a whole. Thus, for example, if the values/labels on the x-axis are numbers or strings such as, e.g., “2015,” “3Q97”, “12 pm”, etc., or the label on the axis as a whole is a string such as, e.g., “seconds”, “time”, etc., then it is possible to construct special-purpose recognizers that will enable our system to determine for itself that these values/labels denote time or time intervals, even if this is not explicitly indicated in any meta-data associated with values or labels.

The point of making such a determination, again, is that it enables the system to generate a richer and potentially more relevant narrative, utilizing analytics appropriate to temporal data, employing or embodying characterizations relevant to such data, and structured to convey the results naturally and appropriately. In sum, as described in the previous section, it enables the system to determine that a narrative type suited to temporal data is appropriate, and to utilize a configuration or adaptation that is aimed at generating such a narrative.

Similarly, it might be useful for the narrative generation system to produce stories that include an evaluative component where relevant. The system can be configured (or a specific adaptation can be selected) to do so. But first it must be able to determine that the dimension being used actually constitutes a measure of performance, such that increasing or decreasing values along that dimension (or away from some optimal point) constitute “better” or “worse” performance. This would enable the resulting stories to describe changes in the metric as “improvements”, for example, rather than simply “increases”. This kind of “semantic enrichment” can again be specified directly by the user (via a structured dialog or by some other means), or it can be something that the system infers from the nature of the data. For example, if the dimension or measure being specified is money, or its unit is a currency, then in general “up is good” and “more is better.” (This isn't always the case, of course. If the nature of the visualization inherently “switches the sign” of the number—for example, if the graph measures losses or deficits or unit costs—then this wouldn't hold.) By the same token, if the dimension or measure is listed as “revenue” or “profit”, it's even more likely that “up” is “good”. Thus, in many cases it again seems possible by these means that the system can infer the appropriate normative evaluation reasonably well from metadata associated with the visualization. In other cases, however, the system will need to ask the user directly about this property of the dimension or measure from which the data are drawn—i.e., to provide, via some interface, a means for the user to instruct the system that, along the dimension in question, “up is good.” To reiterate, the point of this determination is that it enables the system to select an appropriate narrative type that includes and appropriately organizes evaluative analytics and characterizations, and to therefore utilize a configuration or adaptation suitable for generating such a narrative.

C. ADDITIONAL MAPPINGS BETWEEN VISUALIZATION TYPES AND NARRATIVES

We now turn to describing a number of other visualization types and the mapping to the appropriate narratives to accompany them.

C.1: Vertical Bar Charts/Histograms

These are bar charts ordered in value from highest to lowest, often with the chart oriented vertically (i.e., the bars running horizontally from a base on the left where the entities or independent variable are specified). In an example embodiment, stories aimed at accompanying these chart types will focus on ranking, comparison, and the distribution of values, including descriptions of outliers, most often at the high end. Accordingly, data structure 204 can be configured to map these types of visualizations to a story configuration or adaptation that will generate such stories.

C.2: Clustered Bar Charts

These combine multiple methods for specifying the entities on the x-axis (independent variable), for example, auto production by years within countries; vehicle production by type within countries; by countries within regions; etc. An alternative of course is to utilize multiple charts, e.g., produce several bar charts of auto production by country, each describing different (typically successive) years—or the other way around (several charts describing auto production by year, each describing different countries). The multiple descriptions may involve hierarchical components (e.g., vehicle production by type within countries) or not (e.g., by years within countries). (If the former, a stacked bar chart may be a more specific applicable visualization; see below.) Clustered bar charts call for the same story types as regular bar charts (primarily focusing on distributions, rankings, and comparisons), across however both dimensions. More specifically, in addition to actual values, stories based on such charts should focus on distributions, rankings, and comparisons among the differences or ratios between values within clusters. For example, a story accompanying a clustered bar chart of vehicle production by type within different countries can be expected to discuss the different proportions of vehicle types produced within different countries—e.g., is the proportion of cars vs. trucks produced in the US the same or very different from what is the case in China? A story accompanying a clustered bar chart of vehicle production over some interval of years within different countries can be expected to discuss the differences in changes in production over time (both absolute and percentage-wise) among those countries—e.g., the growth rate in vehicle production in US vs. China. Thus, data structure 204 can be configured to map these types of visualizations to a story configuration or adaptation of the narrative generation platform that additionally comprises an analytic to compute these relevant differences, and then apply the distribution, ranking, and comparison analytics and relevant characterizations of the results to these differences as well as to the raw numbers; and to organize these additional results in a sensible manner for presentation in the resulting narrative.

C.3: Stacked Bar Charts

These are very similar to clustered bar charts, but imply that the entities so represented are hierarchical components of a larger unit or category, e.g., vehicle types (cars, trucks) within the category of vehicles, etc. (These stacked bars would then be placed along each entity or value on the x-axis, such a country. The result is a chart of vehicle production by category for each country.) This makes the value of such components as a percentage of the total a salient feature to compute, and the distribution, ranking, and comparison of such percentages across the entities on the x-axis, salient. Thus for example an appropriate story for such a chart might compare truck production as a percentage of total vehicle production among the US, China, etc. The appropriate story type for this visualization type should therefore specify a configuration or adaptation of the narrative generation engine that includes this analytic (i.e., computes these percentages and their differences), appropriate ways of characterizing the results, and of organizing and presenting those results and characterizations in a narrative.

C.4: Line Charts/Graphs (Single)

Line charts imply that the x-axis dimension (or independent variable) denotes not individual entities, but continuous values, e.g., most commonly of time. This means that it is possible to interpolate values and select arbitrary intervals. As with bar charts over time, above, the appropriate story types should characterize the data in terms of peaks and low points; trends (first and second derivatives, including periods or streaks/runs of increasing, flat, and decreasing values); smoothness or noisiness; etc. If desired, they might also specify that the data should be clustered into intervals of similar behavior, and describe those. Such a story type should, again, select a configuration or adaptation comprising appropriate data analytics, characterization rules, and means for organizing and presenting the results appropriately in a narrative. FIG. 6B presents a representative example of narrative text 600 that describes the line chart of FIG. 1B in accordance with this kind of story type.

C.5: Line Charts/Graphs (Multiple Lines, Single Dimension)

These should typically invoke a story type similar to that of line charts, but in addition involve multiple entities, and hence it may be desirable for those story types to also include analytics and characterizations for determining and describing distribution, ranking, and comparison aspects over the basic attributes relevant to single line chart stories as above. The entities might be components and an aggregate (e.g., US auto production over time vs. world auto production) or siblings/peers (e.g., US auto production vs. China), or both. These call for somewhat different characterizations. The latter in particular call for both temporal stories as above, and comparison stories. Comparisons can be with respect both to absolute values and to changes (i.e., one or the other has risen or fallen, proportionately, more quickly over some interval of interest). Again the appropriate story type will select or denote a configuration or adaptation of the narrative generation process comprising the appropriate components to produce such a story. FIG. 6C shows an example of a multiple line chart or graph (single dimension) with accompanying narrative text 600 that describes the multiple line chart in accordance with this kind of story type.

C.6: Line Charts/Graphs (Multiple Lines, Multiple Dimensions)

This is a chart that shows multiple lines, typically over time, each line indicating a different value and often measured by a different scale, or even unit. For example, it might show US auto production over time along with profits of US auto companies. Typically in these instances an appropriate story will, in addition to including characterizations appropriate to single line charts, also indicate and characterize correlations: Do the values indicated by the lines tend to go up and down together? Does one lag the other? Are they inversely correlated? Not correlated at all? Etc.

It should be noted that in this as well as the prior cases discussed, the system may determine the appropriate story type based on the visualization type, where the visualization type can be any characterization of a visualization, whether based on the nature of the visualization itself, based on the nature of the data used to parameterize the visualization, and/or based on other metadata associated with the visualization.

C.7: Some Detailed Examples

We now discuss three examples—generating narratives to accompany a line chart with two lines; a clustered bar chart; and a scatterplot—in somewhat more detail.

FIG. 2D depicts a line chart with two measures (or series). The story told in conjunction with this visualization can be classified as a “time series analysis” story. Because our system recognizes that a user who parameterizes a visualization system to present such a chart is interested in an analysis over a continuous dimension, it selects a story type that generates a narrative based upon analytics such as:

-   -   1. The overall linear trend of each series.     -   2. Interesting segments of each series, examples including:         -   Spans of the series with periods of consecutive movement in             one direction.         -   “U- or V-shaped” spans of the series, where the line dropped             for a time and returned to the original level (or the             reverse).         -   Spans of the series where the line jumped up (or down) a to             a significant degree and then remained at its new level.         -   Spans of the series with an interesting overall trend in one             direction.     -   3. Interesting points of the series, such as largest         point-over-point increase or decrease.     -   4. The overall volatility of the series.

In addition to analyses such as these, applicable to each individual series, the fact that the chart has been parameterized to include more than one series indicates that the narrative should also include discussion about how the series relate to each another. Examples of analytics and characterizations relevant to this aspect of the narrative include:

-   -   1. If there are two lines, the narrative will talk about the         level of correlation between them.     -   2. If there are two lines, the narrative will discuss the amount         of intersection.     -   3. When there are more than two lines, the narrative may discuss         the pair (or other subset) of lines with the highest         correlation.     -   4. When there are more than two lines, the narrative may discuss         the pair (or other subset) of lines with the most intersections.     -   5. When there are multiple lines, the narrative may discuss the         most (and least) volatile.     -   6. When there are multiple lines, the narrative may discuss the         ones with the largest start-to-finish increase or decrease.

The narrative generation platform can also be configured in part via inferences based on the nature of the parameterizations (inputs) provided by the user in creating the visualization (or, these inferences may be drawn in real time as the narrative is generated) in order to generate an appropriate narrative. For example, if a user configures the visualization platform to plot a percentage value over a continuous dimension, the system recognizes that the values are percentages and will not talk about percent changes of these values (which would be percentages of percentages) as it ordinarily might, but rather for the sake of clarity, will talk about absolute changes in these percentages, and use terms like “percentage points” in the actual language it generates.

FIG. 2E depicts a bar chart utilizing two measures. The story generated in conjunction with this visualization can be described as an “entity composition” narrative. Since the user is plotting these metrics across a discrete dimension (entities within the category product subgroup), a desirable accompanying narrative would reflect analyses for each measure such as:

-   -   1. How concentrated is the distribution of the measure across         the entities? Is it considered “top heavy,” “bottom heavy,” or         “evenly distributed?”     -   2. Do the bars follow a normal distribution?     -   3. Are there interesting clusters of entities? When looking at         the measures sorted by value, are there interesting groupings of         entities with similar values?         In addition to potentially discussing these analyses about each         individual series, the narrative makes comparisons between         series when there are multiple measures being plotted. For         example, the narrative will call out:     -   1. The measure with the most interesting groupings.     -   2. The measure that is the most top heavy, or bottom heavy.         The system again is also configured based on inferences (or to         make such inferences) depending on parameters supplied by the         user when configuring the visualization. For example, if a         measure utilized in a chart reflects the average of some         underlying metric along some dimension (e.g., over the members         of some entity)—for example, “bars represent the average revenue         for each product subgroup”—then the narrative will not talk         about the total of the measure across that dimension, because it         doesn't make much sense to talk about the “sum” of “averages.”         On the other hand, if the measure were total sales (within the         product subgroup), then it would make sense to include a         discussion of this within the narrative.

FIG. 2F depicts a scatterplot of one dimension (product) and two measures (margin and budget) on the axes. An appropriate narrative to generate in conjunction with this visualization has very different communication goals than those that might accompany a line or bar chart. The main purpose of this visualization is to support an analysis of the correlation between measures. The narrative generated by our system will therefore reflect analyses such as:

-   -   1. Are the measures positively or negatively correlated? If so,         how much?     -   2. What are the outliers? If a line is being drawn through the         plot, which dots are excessively far from that line of best fit?     -   3. Are there interesting clusters or groupings of entities? Can         you draw several squares or rectangles around groups of dots?         We have also considered a number of other kinds of         visualizations (e.g., spider charts) as well as line charts         denoting some optimality frontier or trade-off.

D. MAPPING AND NARRATIVE GENERATION—CONFIGURABLE NARRATIVE GENERATION EXAMPLE

As exemplified above, it can be seen that practitioners can decide on what the communication goals of various different types of visualizations are and then use these communication goals to guide the narrative generation process. Toward this end, technology such as that described in the above-referenced and incorporated patent application Ser. No. 14/521,264, 14/570,834, 14/570,858, 14/626,966, and 14/626,980 (which, inter alia, describe how communication goals can be explicitly represented within a narrative generation system for use in specifying the narrative analytics used to generate narrative texts that satisfy such communication goals) can be leveraged to generate narratives about visualizations after the visualization has been mapped into one or more desired communication goals.

Thus, as described above, the additional technology in an example embodiment that we have developed in order to configure a narrative generation platform to produce narratives accompanying a visualization concerns, first, the decision to use the type of visualization or its parameterization, or both, as specified by or on behalf of a user, to determine as completely as possible the type of story to tell in order to accompany that visualization; and second, specific mappings between types of visualizations and their parameterizations on the one hand, and story types—more specifically, configurations of the narrative generation process corresponding to those story types (whether implicitly or explicitly) that specify or comprise the appropriate analytics and narrative characterizations (angles), plus the appropriate organization and presentation of the results of these processes—on the other. This removes the burden of choosing the appropriate story type from the user, with its concomitant additional friction and possibility of error. It's also worth noting that in many cases, for the same reason that it may be possible to determine the appropriate type of visualization from the nature of the data selected to parameterize that visualization, it will often be possible to map directly between types of data (entities or variables on the x-axis, and measures on the y-axis) and story types as well. For example if the x-axis is described by a continuous variable such as time, then the configurations described above for line graphs are potentially appropriate, regardless of whether the user has selected a line graph as the visualization type.

More specifically, what is being specified by the mapping from visualization type (and/or parameterizations of the visualization) to story type are: story configurations or outlines that delineate the appropriate story components (outline sections or content blocks) as outlined in the above-referenced and incorporated patents and patent applications, such components or content blocks in turn specifying the appropriate and relevant communication goals and narrative analytic models, including relevant analytics and appropriate narrative characterizations, for example in the form of appropriate angle families and angles, derivations, and blueprint sets, necessary to generate stories of the appropriate type. Once again, these elements are described in more detail in the above-referenced and incorporated patents and patent applications, but for convenience, salient aspects are these designs are discussed below in the context of generating narratives from visualizations.

Once the mapping is determined, the next step is to specify the values of the necessary parameters to the appropriate configuration. These include, specifically, the data themselves, but also the necessary metadata including dimensions and labels specified in the visualization as well as field names or other identifiers associated with the data. In our approach, the mapping between appropriate elements of the data and metadata, and the required parameters of the appropriate configuration, is specified along with the mapping from the visualization type (and parameterization) to the configuration itself. For example, if the visualization is a bar chart expressing some measurement or value for three entities, then the appropriate ranking and comparison story type (configuration) can be configured to generate a story about a set of three entities; and the names of those entities, as well as of the corresponding values, as well as the name of the dimension or attribute of which those values are measures or instances, and other appropriate metadata, are supplied as suitable arguments to the appropriate parameters of the configuration via a mapping between the data and metadata supplied by the visualization and the parameters of the appropriate configuration.

More concisely, the following steps describe an example embodiment for the overall process of generating stories to accompany visualizations as shown by FIG. 3.

At step 300, a processor employed by the narrative generation platform processes the visualization data (e.g., visualization parameter data 214; see FIG. 2B for example) to resolve the visualization to a visualization type that is mappable to a narrative story type. It should be understood that this resolved visualization type can be any characterization of a visualization, whether based on the nature of the visualization itself, based on the nature of the data used to parameterize the visualization, and/or based on other metadata associated with the visualization. The visualization parameter data 214 can be provided to the narrative generation platform in a format that allows the processor to parse this data and draw conclusions about the type of visualization being presented. For example, various tags or fields of the visualization parameter data can identify a chart type for the visualization, how many entities or subjects are included in the visualization, and/or whether any of the dimensions are temporal in nature, etc. (once again, see FIG. 2B as an example). For example, step 300 might determine that the visualization is a line chart (which could then be used by the system to reach a conclusion via step 302 that a story type is called for that analyzes and discusses streaks, peaks, troughs, volatility, etc.). As another example, step 300 might determine that the visualization includes a dependent variable (e.g., x-axis) data type that is a continuous metric (e.g., time) (which could then be used by the system to reach a conclusion via step 302 that a story type is called for that analyzes and discusses streaks, peaks, troughs, volatility, etc.). In other words, step 300 may arrive at its conclusion regarding a resolved visualization type via any of a number of aspects of the visualization parameter data. Step 300 may employ a series of rules or the like for evaluating the visualization parameter data 214 to determine its corresponding visualization type.

At step 302, the processor maps the resolved visualization type to a story type and associated story configuration using data structure 204 that associates visualization types to story types/story configurations. FIG. 2B shows an example of such a data structure 204.

Next, at step 304, the processor processes the mapped story configuration to determine the parameters needed for generating a narrative using the mapped story configuration. At this point, reference to an example story configuration architecture based on the above-referenced and incorporated patents and patent applications, including U.S. Pat. No. 8,630,844 and U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 14/521,264, 14/570,834, 14/570,858, 14/626,966, and 14/626,980 as shown by FIG. 4 will be helpful.

FIG. 4 depicts an example data architecture underlying an example narrative generation platform that supports configurable story specifications, which can be referred to for our purposes as story configurations.

The data architecture of FIG. 4 may include a number of modular communication goal data structures 414 (e.g., 414 ₁, . . . , 414 _(j), . . . , 414 _(n)). Each communication goal data structure 414 can correspond to a communication goal such as “describe”, “rank”, “compare”, explain”, “evaluate”, etc., and it may specify one or more content block data structures 412 (e.g., 412 ₁, 412 ₂, 412 ₃, . . . ) which in turn define how the content of different sections of a narrative will be generated. In the example of FIG. 4, it can be seen that the communication goal data structure 414 _(j) specifies three content block data structures 412 ₁, 412 ₂, and 412 ₃.

For the sake of elaboration, communication goal data structure 414 _(j) can correspond to a “describe” communication goal, and its three specified content block data structures 412 ₁, 412 ₂, and 412 ₃ can correspond to, respectively, (1) a section of the narrative that summarizes the narrative subject at a high level (e.g., identify what the total amount of sales for a subject company in a given time period was), (2) a section of the narrative that describes a quality of the narrative subject (e.g., identify whether company sales were rising or falling during the time period), and (3) a section of the narrative that describes an interesting aspect of the narrative subject (e.g., identify which month had the highest sales).

Each content block data structure 412 in turn can specify how its section of the narrative is to be generated as described in the above-referenced and incorporated patent applications. Moreover, each content block data structure can be generalized via one or more parameters such that it can be readily re-used for different stories and story types. Thus, content block data structure 412 ₁ which specifies analytics for identifying a total sales amount for a company in a given time period can specify parameters regarding the data elements to be used for the sales data from which total sales are computed. This content block data structure can also specify a derived feature data structure 408 ₂, where this derived feature data structure specifies how total sales are computed (see computational logic 404 ₂). Further still, this content block data structure can specify a blueprint set data structure 410 ₃, where this blueprint set data structure specifies how the total sales are to be expressed in natural language text. Thus, through the generalization afforded by the parameters used with these data structures and computational logic structures, these structures can be re-used in several contexts (e.g., not only to describe a company's sales but also to describe a baseball player's home run production, etc.).

For example, the derived feature corresponding to derived feature data structure 408 ₂ can correspond to an “aggregated total” derived feature whose name can be defined via a parameter passed to it from a content block or other source and whose value is computed via its link to computational logic 404 ₂. Computational logic 404 ₂ can itself use parameters to compute an aggregated total according to an expression such as “y=sum(x1, x2, x3 . . . )” where the variables y and x1, x2, . . . are defined through a specification by the derived feature data structure 408 ₂ (which in turn may inherit these specifications from the content block data structure, etc.).

Similarly, the blueprint set data structure 410 ₃ specified by content block data structure 412 ₁ can specify a tokenized blueprint such as “The <token 1> by <token 2> for <token 3> was <token 4>.”, where token 1 is a parameter that corresponds to the name of the derived feature for derived feature data structure 408 ₂ (or a variation thereof) (e.g. “total sales”), token 2 is a parameter that corresponds to the name of the subject company (e.g., “ACME Corp.”), token 3 is a parameter that corresponds to the subject time period (e.g., Q1 2014-Q3 2016), and token 4 is a parameter that corresponds to the computed value of derived feature data structure 408 ₂. Thus, an author who composes the story configuration for the “describe” communication goal is able to define the first content block for the narrative text by composing a content block data structure 412 ₁ that specifies derived feature data structure 408 ₂ and blueprint set data structure 410 ₃ while also specifying the data model that will be used for the parameters required by these specified components of the content block.

The content block data structures can also specify analytics that can be used to interpret or characterize the subject data. As discussed in the above-referenced and incorporated patent applications, a mechanism for accomplishing such characterization is an angle data structure 406. Each angle data structure can correspond to a characterization of data. For example, angle data structure 406 ₁ can correspond to a characterization of “rising values over time” while angle data structure 406 ₂ can correspond to a characterization of “falling values over time”. Accordingly, an author may want to specify these angle data structures for content block data structure 412 ₂ which is intended to define the analytics for a section of the narrative that describes whether the subject company's sales were rising or falling over the subject time period. Angle data structures 406 ₁ and 406 ₂ may specify one or more derived features (not shown by FIG. 4 for reasons of illustrative convenience), where these specified derived features generally represent a slope for the subject data values. Angle data structure 406 ₁, which corresponds to the rising values characterization, may include specified applicability conditions for evaluating whether the slope-indicative derived feature has a positive value that exceeds some threshold, while angle data structure 406 ₂, which corresponds to the falling values characterization, may include specified applicability conditions for evaluating whether the slope-indicative derived feature has a negative value that exceeds some threshold.

Each angle data structure can also specify associated computational logic 402 that are coded to evaluate whether the angle's applicability conditions are true (see computational logic structures 402 ₁, 402 ₂, 402 ₃, . . . ). These computational logic structures can themselves use parameters for evaluating whether the specified applicability conditions are true so that they can inherit specifications from higher-level structures within the system. Thus, based on which of these angles' applicability conditions are found to be satisfied by the computational logic with respect to the subject data, the narrative generation platform can conclude which of the angle's corresponding characterizations accurately describes the subject data.

Further still, the content block data structure 412 ₂ may associate these angle data structures 406 ₁ and 406 ₂ with blueprint set data structures 410 ₁ and 410 ₂ respectively. Thus, the blueprint set data structure 410 ₁ specified by angle data structure 406 ₁ can specify a tokenized blueprint such as “<Token 1> exhibited a rising trend during this time period.”, where Token 1 is a parameter that corresponds to the name of the derived feature for derived feature data structure 408 ₂ (or a variation thereof) (e.g. “Total sales”). Similarly, the blueprint set data structure 410 ₂ specified by angle data structure 406 ₂ can specify a tokenized blueprint such as “<Token 1> exhibited a falling trend during this time period.” Also, it should be understood that this simple example is being used for illustration purposes. As explained in the above-referenced and incorporated patents and patent applications, more complex arrangements and specifications can be used.

As explained below and with reference to the above-referenced and incorporated patents and patent applications, the narrative generation platform can provide various GUI screens to its users to allow users to define components of this data architecture and compose story configurations through selection and definition of such components. The data structures that underlie these story configurations are described as modular because of their re-usability across different stories and story types based on how a user chooses to select and combine these components in different story configurations. Moreover, authors are able to compose story configurations without a need to write program code as the story configurations can be formed through selection and composition of the higher level data structures and their specifications rather than through manipulation of the computational logic-level code.

Thus, it can be seen that a story configuration can be defined by one or more specified communication goal data structures, where each communication goal data structure is in turn defined by one or more specified content block data structures, and where each content block data structure can be defined by virtually any combination of specified angle data structures, derived feature data structures, and blueprint data structures. This collection of specifications thus defines the data requirements of the story configuration in terms of the parameters needed for the specified components of the story configuration. Further still, it should be understood that the communication goals need not necessarily be explicitly represented within the system. For example, rather than using an explicit communication goal data structure to specify a collection of content blocks, a story configuration can also implicitly relate to a communication goal by simply specifying those same content blocks without use of an explicit communication goal data structure.

Returning to FIG. 3, the processor at step 304 assembles a list of the parameters that need to be tied to the data and metadata from the visualization in order for the narrative generation to operate. For example, with reference to the example of FIG. 4, the processor at step 304 would identify the various parameters needed for the blueprint sets, angles, and derived features specified by the content blocks of the relevant story configuration.

Next, at step 306, the processor determines the data and metadata from the visualization parameter data 214 that are to be used for each of the determined story parameters. The processor can use a parameter mapping data structure 320 to accomplish this operation. For example, the data structure 320 can be a table that maps various visualization parameters 322 (e.g., measure names, etc.) to each story configuration parameter 324 determined from step 304. For example, continuing the company sales example, data structure 320 may map the y-axis measure of the visualization data (e.g., “sales amount”) to the parameter used in the story configuration for representing the raw data to be aggregated, which in turn allows the narrative generation platform to identify the data values for this measure in the visualization data that are to be used as the variables used by the story configuration for raw data of the mapped measure parameter. While FIG. 3 shows data structure 320 taking the form of a table, it should be understood that other structures such as mapping rules could be used.

Next, at step 308, the processor retrieves the mapped story configuration from memory, and the retrieved story configuration is supplied with the visualization data/metadata determined for the story configuration's parameters (step 310). The narrative generation platform can then generate the narrative story about the visualization using the story configuration and supplied visualization data/metadata using the techniques described in the above-referenced and incorporated patent applications (step 312). FIG. 5 shows an example configuration and process flow for execution by a computer system to automatically generate a narrative from visualization data using the model described by FIG. 4. This design serves as a domain-independent, general purpose narrative generation platform as discussed in the above-referenced and incorporated patents and patent applications.

Parsing engine 500 parses the mapped story configuration into its constituent components and generates executable machine code that serves as part of the narrative generation platform that processes input data to automatically generate narratives tailored to desired story type for the visualization. However, it should be understood that the narrative generation platform can employ an interpreter model in which the story configuration is incrementally used to select and execute code sequences.

The parsing engine 500 can build a content block collection 502 from the story configuration. If the story configuration includes only a single content block, the content block collection 502 in turn can comprise a single content block. However, if the story configuration comprises multiple content blocks, the content block collection 502 can be an ordered listing of these content blocks.

The parsing engine 500 can also build a model collection 504 based on the story configuration, where the model collection 504 serves to identify and constrain the data to be processed by the system (see step 304). Likewise, the parsing engine 500 can build a derived feature collection 506, an angle collection 508, and blueprint sets 510 based on the story configuration.

Processing logic instantiated as a result of the parsing engine 500 operating on the story configuration can then provide for content block selection 520. For example, when first processing the mapped visualization data/metadata, the processing logic can select the first content block of the story configuration in the content block collection 520. The processing logic can further build models for the data and compute any derived features that are necessary in view of the story specification (522 and 524). At 526, the processing logic tests the relevant angles for the subject content block in the angle collection 520. This operation can involve testing the specific data and derived features under consideration against the applicability conditions for the relevant angles. Based on which angle(s) is (are) deemed to accurately characterize the data and derived features, the processing logic can further order, filter, and select (528) one or more angles to be included in the narrative. As explained above and in the above-referenced and incorporated patents and patent applications, attributes of the subject content block and angle data structures can facilitate this decision-making.

Once the data has been modeled, the derived features have been computed, and one or more angles have been selected, the narrative generator instantiates a content block outline 530. The instantiated content block outline 530 can be a language-independent representation of the angles and features to be expressed for the section of the narrative represented by the subject content block, as described in the '844 patent.

If the story configuration comprises multiple content blocks, the execution can return to step 520 for the selection of the next content block for the story configuration. Otherwise, the content block outline 530 is ready to be converted into a natural language form via blueprint sets 510.

Each content block is linked to one or more blueprint sets 510, each containing parameterizable blueprints to express the angles and/or features determined within that content block in natural language, for example English 540 ₁, Spanish 540 ₂, and any other desired languages such as Chinese 540 _(n), etc. When selected and parameterized, these result in generating the actual text of the narrative in the desired language(s) (see 542 ₁, 544 ₂, . . . 544 _(n)).

Thus, the process flow of FIG. 3 describes how the narrative generation platform can use artificial intelligence technology to translate structured visualization data into a natural language narrative text which can then be returned to the visualization platform 200 (and the visualization platform may then render this narrative text accompanying display with the visualization). It should be understood that the order of steps shown by FIG. 3 may be varied somewhat if desired by a practitioner. For example, step 308 could be performed at any point after step 302 and before step 310. Also, it should be understood that the steps of FIG. 3 need not all be performed by the narrative generation platform 202. For example, step 300 or steps 300 and 302 can be performed by a plug-in executed by the visualization platform 200.

FIG. 6A shows an example pairing of the visualization of FIG. 1A with narrative text 600 that explains salient aspects of that visualization according to a story configuration operated on by the narrative generation platform of an example embodiment. FIG. 6B shows an example pairing of the visualization of FIG. 1B with narrative text 600 that explains salient aspects of that visualization according to a story configuration operated on by the narrative generation platform of an example embodiment. FIG. 6C shows an example pairing of the visualization of FIG. 2C with narrative text 600 that explains salient aspects of that visualization according to a story configuration operated on by the narrative generation platform of an example embodiment.

E. APIS, INPUT/OUTPUT, AND DATA FORMATS

An example embodiment of the system described herein accepts visualization data from a visualization platform in JSON format. With the example of FIG. 2A, the narrative generation platform 202 interacts with APIs of visualization platforms, and in one example embodiment, the narrative generation can be implemented in the form of an authoring service with an API end point, this data structure supports integrations as follows.

To generate a narrative, our example visualization service API uses:

-   -   1. Names of measures.     -   2. Names of dimensions.     -   3. For each dimension, a list of the dimension values.     -   4. For each measure, a list of the measure values.     -   5. Visualization type and parameterizations; as discussed above,         from this, the system will determine what type of narrative is         to be generated (including determination of appropriate         analytics, e.g., continuous dimension analysis, discrete         dimension analysis, correlation analysis, etc.).

These data are basically the same as those required to create a visualization. A small transform might be used to turn a given visualization platform's data representation into a data format our visualization API expects, but the required data would be the same.

In addition to these basic data, as discussed earlier, the resulting narratives can be enhanced or augmented based on the availability of additional metadata such as characterizations of the measures and dimensions. Again as previously discussed, these may either be inferred by the system, based on the parameterization of the visualization system, or they may be provided directly by the user. Some examples of these additional inputs have been described above, but may also include:

-   -   1. How should numbers be formatted.     -   2. What format would the user like to see narratives generated         in (bullets or paragraphs).     -   3. How long/short should the narrative be.     -   4. What are the customized names of the dimension (e.g., refer         to periods as “months”).     -   5. Is “up” good or bad?     -   6. Are the values percentages?     -   7. Is one measure a portion of another measure?     -   8. What analytic packages should be enabled/disabled, and what         is their rank in importance to the user?

These user inputs and customizations can be added to the visualization parameter data structure 214 passed to our visualization service API to generate a narrative.

While the example API currently accepts JSON as its data format, it should be understood that other formats may be used. For example, ETL tools or other applications exist that could take in other formats (such as tabular data) and transform it into the API schema. Via such an approach, a narrative could be written about, e.g., tabular source data, as well.

Turning now to the rendering of the resulting stories, and their presentation to the user(s), visualization platforms typically accept HTML back from our narrative generation platform and display that content within the platforms themselves. Often the mechanism to invoke our narrative system will be made available to the user as an extension to the platform, and presented to the user in its GUI as an object that can be dragged into a dashboard or other means of manipulating and viewing the source visualization. Once invoked, this object will execute the browser code to pull data from the source visualization, pass that data to our visualization service API, and then render the resulting content as HTML within that object.

Our system can also be responsible for taking additional input such as “story format: bullets or paragraphs,” and wrapping the generated content in the appropriate HTML tags that will result in displaying the content as expected by the user.

FIG. 7A shows an example visualization that is used to generate narrative text that is returned from the narrative generation platform 202 in HTML in the form shown by FIG. 7B. The HTML of FIG. 7B can be appropriately parsed when rendered in the graphical object representing our narrative system within the visualization system's browser interface. FIG. 7C shows an example of the resulting, complete narrative 700 as presented within an “object” on the dashboard of an exemplary visualization platform. To the left is the visualization as configured by the user; the highlighted box on the right contains the accompanying narrative 700 generated by the narrative generation platform 202.

F. EXAMPLE CONFIGURATION AND APPLICATION

In this section, we will describe how a portion of the content in an exemplary narrative is generated from data relating to a visualization using an example embodiment in the form of Narrative Science's Quill platform. We will focus first on how a configuration is determined and applied in computational terms, and then more broadly on how data are transformed to generate the resulting narrative.

Consider the line chart 800 depicted in FIG. 8A, measuring revenue by month, and its associated narrative 802. Let's focus on the third bullet from the top, and specifically the following sentences:

-   -   Revenue fell 35.92% over the course of the series from $4.5         million to $2.9 million. The largest single decrease, which was         a 33.35% drop from $4.6 million to $3.1 million (−$1.6 million),         occurred between Jun-06 and Jul-06.         In the process of generating this narrative, the first check         that occurs, after identifying this as a line chart, is         determining whether the chart contains one series or multiple         series. FIG. 8B shows the highest-level portion of the story         configuration for line charts in Quill, presented via a GUI         utilized to configure the system. On the left is a navigation         bar for navigating to configuration elements. On the right is         the top level of the configuration's story outline. There are         two possible alternatives for narrative generation, depending on         how many series are contained in the visualization. Portion 804         of the outline specifies where to find the relevant data; and         portion 806 shows the two alternative sub-outlines, one for         single series line charts, and the other for multi-series line         charts.

At run time, when this configuration is being used to generate a narrative, a logic test is executed in order to actually decide which sub-outline to utilize. This test is depicted in the portion of the configuration shown by FIG. 8C, which represents a derivation in Quill that returns either ‘True’ or ‘False’. In this case, the test is ‘true’ because the chart contains just one series. The example of FIG. 8C also shows the computational logic 808 that is linked with the subject derived feature.

Once the determination has been made to generate a narrative about just a single series, the story generation process invokes the appropriate portion of the configuration (a content block), which specifies in turn that the narrative is to be composed of several paragraphs that describe, assess, and explain the performance of a single series. FIG. 8D is a GUI that illustrates this content block, which in turn consists of other six other sub-outlines or content blocks 810 that specify the nature of the content elements (typically formulated as separate paragraphs) to be generated by Quill.

Driving down even further in the outline, the specific narrative content we are exploring that is associated with the initial example chart—corresponding to the sentences concerning revenue highlighted earlier—is specified within the “OneSeriesBulletHolder” content block. This component of the configuration defines in more detail the specific portion of the configuration concerning data related to individual series that is involved in generating the sentences above.

FIG. 8E reveals a deeper dive into the configuration pertaining to that series-specific content. This part of the narrative is concerned with basic aggregate statistics about the series—min, max, median, average—as well as the overall movement of the series. Each of the sub-outlines or content blocks specified in portion 812 defines how to generate content relevant to one of these aspects of the data. The example content we have highlighted at the top of this section concerns the overall movement of the series.

The specification includes tests aimed at ensuring that the characterization of the series in terms of its overall movement—i.e., the angle that is conveyed in the narrative—accurately reflects the underlying data. The selected characterization in turn will determine which of several ‘blueprint sets’ will be utilized in order to generate natural language that conveys the appropriate characterization. FIGS. 8F and 8G depict the corpus of possible blueprint sets, part of the overall configuration for this story type, that could be utilized in generating the part of the narrative aimed at conveying content about the series' overall movement.

As described above, in order to determine which of these blueprint sets will be utilized, the appropriate angle must be determined. This can be accomplished by utilizing a component of the configuration known as an angle family. This entails examining a set of cases, each specifying one possible angle included in the angle family, and each also comprising a Boolean test that determines whether or not that angle is applicable. Each of these angles is associated with specific content, which can be generated by the associated blueprint set. Any angle that is ‘true’, could potentially have content generated about it and included in the final narrative.

FIG. 8H depicts one possible set of evaluations for this angle family, and it illustrates that several angles evaluate as true. “Interestingness” (as discussed in greater detail in the above-referenced and incorporated patents and patent applications) can be used to rank these, and the most ‘interesting’ angle can be the one that will be selected for inclusion in the narrative. Interestingness is determined in this case by the number of conditions (all must be true) that are met by the particular angle or characterization, which in turn reflects how informative that characterization is (in that it depends on the most conditions). In this particular instance, that is the one that is the “most nested,” which is the angle called “SeriesLargestPctValueDecSame”.

Three conditions need to be true in order for this angle to evaluate as true. These are represented as derived features in the configuration.

FIG. 8I depicts the logic test for the first condition, “both_positive”. This test is looking to see that the start and finish value of the series are both_positive numbers. In this particular case, that's true because the start value of the series is 4471954.159 and the end value is 2865437.539, both positive.

FIG. 8J depicts a logic test for ‘overall_series_decrease’, the second condition. This is checking to see if the difference between the starting value and ending value is a negative number. In this case, the start to finish difference in the series is −1606516.62.

The final condition (depicted in FIG. 8K), checks whether the largest percent change in the series occurs during the same interval as the largest absolute change. In this case, the largest percent decrease and largest absolute decrease are both at the index number ‘6’ in the series.

With all three of these conditions proving true, this angle is determined to be both applicable (appropriate) and the most interesting. The narrative will therefore include the content associated with this angle. FIG. 8L depicts the component of the configuration (blueprint) that will be utilized to guide the generation of this content. This blueprint is a combination of language and variables. The variables referenced in this blueprint include:

-   -   Overall percent change of the series     -   Starting value of the series     -   Ending value of the series     -   Percent value of the largest point-to-point decrease     -   Numerical value of the start of the largest point-to-point         decrease     -   Numerical value of the end of the largest point-to-point         decrease     -   The dimension value of the start of the largest point-to-point         decrease     -   The dimension value of the end of the largest point-to-point         decrease         Utilization of this blueprint, as determined by the system using         the logic and structures represented in the configuration         (outline) as described above, along with the actual values of         the data, result in the generation of the following language for         inclusion in the narrative associated with this visualization,         as highlighted at the start of this extended example: “Revenue         fell 35.92% over the course of the series from $4.5 million to         $2.9 million. The largest single decrease, which was a 33.35%         drop from $4.6 million to $3.1 million (−$1.6 million), occurred         between Jun-06 and Jul-06.”

G. END-TO-END PROCESS: AN EXAMPLE

The next example will describe a full process of generating a narrative to accompany the chart shown by FIG. 9A. This chart is a 12-period line chart measuring revenue by month.

When a user requests a narrative to be presented in conjunction with this visualization, the raw data that comes from this visualization platform for this particular line chart may be as shown by FIGS. 9B and 9C (which corresponds to a single data representation broken across two figures). This data representation contains all of the data necessary to generate an appropriate narrative to be presented with this chart. It includes the list of all the dimension values and the dimension name, along with the list of all of the values for the measure and the measure name. This data representation also contains metadata about the desired number format and how the user wants to see the narrative formatted.

Our extension for this particular platform takes this data and transforms it slightly to meet the data specification used by our example visualization service API. In this particular implementation, this transformation is carried out in the user's web browser. When the data leaves that transform step, it appears as shown in FIG. 9D. This data representation is simply an alternative representation of the raw (pre-analyzed) data. The main difference from the original source representation is that that original representation lists out data as an array of “points,” where each point contains an x value and y value. As a user adds more measures or dimensions, organizing the data in such a format can lead to unwieldy growth in the size of the necessary data structure. This transform instead organizes the data as a list of values within each measure, and a list of values within each dimension.

Of particular note, in this instance the “is_continuous” flag set to “true” because the user chose to write about a line chart. As discussed earlier, this kind of information can be useful for determining the appropriate story type, with associated analytics, characterizations, organization, and language. And again, it should be noted that this could be determined in other ways, for example by looking at the nature of the data parameterizing the visualization.

At this point, our system applies the relevant analytics associated with the appropriate story type, as specified in the configuration, to the data. As discussed above and in the above-referenced and incorporated patents and patent applications, the resulting analyses include derived features that help to determine appropriate facts and characterizations for inclusion in the resulting narrative. The resulting analyzed data, including a variety of relevant aggregated measures, such as range, maxima, minima, periods of continual rise or decline, etc., appear as shown in FIGS. 9E-H (which corresponds to a single data representation broken across four figures).

The story configuration used to generate an appropriate story also specifies a story outline that includes sections as shown by FIG. 9I. Portions of the actual configuration for this story type, as shown in a user interface used to construct, inspect, and modify such configurations, can be seen in FIGS. 9J and 9K. More detailed descriptions of such configurations are provided in the previous section and its accompanying figures.

Once the entire authoring configuration has been executed, the system outputs a representation of the story that looks as shown by FIG. 9L. This representation is then output in XML in which variables and pieces of content are tagged for the purpose of appropriate rendering and styling, but before the formatting and styles have been applied.

Once our system's number styling rules have been applied, the content goes through a “rendering” step, in which the content is transformed into HTML for presentation to the user(s) within the object representing our narrative system within the visualizations platform's GUI. Once this step is complete, the HTML form of narrative appears as shown by FIG. 9M. At this point, the HTML is returned to the browser via the API and displayed within the narrative object in the visualizations system's dashboard with proper formatting, as shown by FIG. 9N.

H. Multiple and Interactive Visualizations

A useful feature of many current visualization platforms is that a user can navigate and select different aspects of the data, switching to different “views” and creating multiple visualizations that may lead to different insights. For example, a user may select a subset of the entities in a dataset or bar chart, “drilling down” to focus on a specific comparison. Or, in viewing temporal or other continuous data on a line chart, the user may specify a particular interval of interest. This results in multiple related visualizations, which may be ephemeral and in the moment, or may be saved and organized to create a series of visualizations that tell a more complete story. In such cases it makes sense for the narrative accompanying each individual visualization to focus on the specific data—e.g., relevant to specific entities, intervals, etc.—selected by the user to create that visualization.

The narrative generation technology described herein can be adapted to automatically generate a new story for each of these new visualizations. In the simplest case, this narrative is generated without regard to the context of previous visualizations—that is, each narrative is crafted individually to accompany each visualization without regard for the fact that that visualization is related to any previous (or subsequent) visualization. But the ability to generate multiple visualizations based on different portions of the same dataset, perhaps using some kind of interactive capability, opens up the possibility of generating sequences of stories that are clearly related to each other—in fact, of crafting an overarching narrative of the sequence of data and visualizations selected by the user, itself. The result would be to generate a narrative involving multiple related visualizations (whether or not those arise from an interactive process), presented over time as a series, or all at once in a single “document.”

In an approach we have developed in order to accomplish this, the narrative generation platform can be provided with three sets of information and data: access to the data involved in the current visualization; access to data involved in one or more previous visualizations in the series; and the nature of the relationship between those data and visualizations.

For example, suppose the user has generated a single line chart over some time interval, and the next visualization is the same data over some sub-interval. The relationship between these two visualizations and the corresponding datasets is that one provides a more detailed, granular view of a portion of the data: It is an instance of “zooming in” or “focusing” on a smaller region of the data. (One might of course “zoom out” as well.) In this case, it would make sense for the second narrative to explicitly explain this relationship to the first visualization as a way of providing a coherent transition. For example, the narrative accompanying the second visualization might be prefaced with an expression such as, “Zooming in to the May to July time period, . . . .” It might also make sense to configure or adapt the narrative generation engine to compare and characterize the behavior of the data in that region to the behavior of the data in the larger set as a whole.

Similarly, suppose that the user generates, from a dataset describing annual vehicle production in a number of countries over some number of years, a bar chart describing the production of a single country. If the next chart generated by the user is based on the same dataset, but focused on a different country, resulting in a different bar chart, then it would make sense for the narrative accompanying this chart both to discuss both the data represented in the chart itself, and also the comparison between those data and the data presented in the previous chart. And indeed if the user went on to develop a number of charts for a number of different countries, then it would make sense for each chart to be compared with the previous chart, as well as perhaps with datasets and charts for other previous countries that might be similar in relevant respects, e.g., scale of production, or direction over the interval (whether increasing or decreasing).

To take another example, a dataset might describe the total sales for an organization over two quarters, as well as sales for major product lines that constitute those total sales over the two quarters; and the visualization selected by the user might be a clustered bar chart expressing both of those in combination. The user might then focus on (e.g., by focusing the visualization system on) the large components that have changed the most. In ordinary terms, we would say that the second visualization is focused on the drivers that led to the overall change reported in the first visualization. We would want to configure or adapt the narrative generation platform to express these relations. In order to do that, the system may be configured to, first, be provided with the information, or be able to determine, that the constituents of the aggregated data (e.g., total sales) constitute components of that total, and are in some sense siblings of each other; and second, it can determine that focusing on the large components that have changed the most is a “drill-down” strategy aimed at explaining the change in the overall (aggregate) category in terms of changes in the constituent elements or categories, so that it can configure or adapt the narrative generation engine appropriately in order to express these relations.

In sum, to generate such narratives overarching several related visualizations, the system can employ larger story types that describe the relations among different related datasets (or different components of the same dataset) and among the visualizations selected by the user to display those datasets or components.

In order to utilize such overarching or connected story types, our approach utilizes a mapping between, on the one hand, kinds of relations among datasets (or components of datasets)—e.g., subset, sibling, etc.—and visualizations (and parameterizations) used to display those datasets or components, and, on the other, these larger story types that analyze, characterize, and discuss these relations in useful terms. These story types in turn will comprise, in our approach, story specifications or outlines including outline sections, analytic methods, and characterizations (e.g., content blocks, angles, derivations), and other components required to generate the appropriate story based on the specific data at hand.

While the invention has been described above in relation to its example embodiments, various modifications may be made thereto that still fall within the invention's scope. Such modifications to the invention will be recognizable upon review of the teachings herein. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: a computer system processing visualization parameter data to determine how to translate the visualization parameter data into a natural language narrative that explains the visualization parameter data, the visualization parameter data comprising visualization data and visualization metadata suitable for a bar chart, the visualization data comprising a plurality of values for an attribute of a plurality of entities, the visualization metadata comprising (1) first metadata that identifies the bar chart as a visualization type for the attribute values, (2) second metadata that identifies the attribute, and (3) third metadata that identifies the entities, wherein the processing step comprises: the computer system accessing a data structure based on at least the first metadata within the processed visualization parameter data, wherein the accessed data structure associates a bar chart visualization type with data representative of a natural language narrative that focuses on at least one of a distribution, ranking, and/or comparison of the attribute values; and the computer system mapping the visualization parameter data based on the accessed data structure to a narrative generation engine that is configured to apply natural language generation (NLG) to generate natural language narrative content for the natural language narrative, wherein the generated natural language narrative content describes at least one of (1) a distribution of a plurality of the attribute values for the attribute identified by the second metadata in aggregate terms, (2) a ranking of a plurality of the entities identified by the third metadata with respect to the attribute values, and/or (3) a comparison between a plurality of the entities identified by the third metadata with respect to the attribute values of those entities for the attribute identified by the second metadata; and executing the narrative generation engine based on the visualization parameter data to generate the natural language narrative content for the natural language narrative.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the processing step further comprises: the computer system processing the first metadata to identify that the visualization parameter data is for the bar chart visualization type; wherein the mapping step comprises: the computer system determining a story configuration associated with the bar chart visualization type based on the accessed data structure, the story configuration comprising a specification of a plurality of derived features and a plurality of angle data structures that support a narrative analytics model for evaluation of the visualization parameter data to determine aspects of at least one of the distribution, the ranking, and/or the comparison for use in the natural language narrative; and the computer system instantiating the narrative generation engine based on the story configuration; and wherein the executing step comprises executing the instantiated narrative generation engine based on the visualization parameter data to generate the natural language narrative content in accordance with the story configuration.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the specified angle data structures and specified derived features are expressed in terms of a plurality of parameters that define a plurality of data requirements for the story configuration, and wherein the mapping step further comprises: the computer system mapping visualization data and visualization metadata within the visualization parameter data to the parameters of the specified angle data structure and the specified derived features based on a parameter mapping data structure; the computer system supplying the story configuration with its data requirements using the visualization data and visualization metadata from the visualization parameter data that were mapped to the parameters; and wherein the instantiating step comprises the computer system instantiating the narrative generation engine based on the supplied story configuration.
 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the narrative generation engine comprises a domain-independent, general purpose narrative generation platform.
 5. The method of claim 3 wherein at least one of the angle data structures specifies at least one derived feature as an applicability condition parameter.
 6. The method of claim 3 wherein the data requirements include at least one derived feature, wherein the at least one derived feature represents at least one of (1) a mean of the attribute values in the visualization parameter data, (2) a median of the attribute values in the visualization parameter data, (3) a maximum of the attribute values in the visualization parameter data, (4) a minimum of the attribute values in the visualization parameter data, (5) a measure of the distribution of the attribute values in the visualization parameter data, and/or (6) a clustering of the attribute values in the visualization parameter data.
 7. The method of claim 3 wherein the story configuration comprises: a specification of a first content block data structure, the first content block data structure specifying a narrative analytics model for a section of the natural language narrative that will describe the distribution; a specification of a second content block data structure, the second content block data structure specifying a narrative analytics model for a section of the natural language narrative that will describe the ranking; and a specification of a third content block data structure, the third content block data structure specifying a narrative analytics model for a section of the natural language narrative that will describe the comparison.
 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the first content block data structure specifies a plurality of angle data structures that correspond to a plurality of characterizations about the distribution, the angle data structures being associated with a plurality of applicability conditions that are expressed in terms of applicability condition parameters; and wherein the executing step comprises the narrative generation engine (1) determining whether any of the angle data structures are deemed applicable to the visualization parameter data by testing the applicability conditions associated with the angle data structures against at least one member of the group consisting of (i) the visualization parameter data and/or (ii) data derived from the visualization parameter data, (2) selecting an angle data structure determined as applicable to the visualization parameter data, and (3) rendering natural language text for the natural language narrative section that describes the distribution, wherein the rendered natural language text expresses the characterization corresponding to the selected angle data structure.
 9. The method of claim 8 wherein the specified angle data structures include an angle data structure corresponding to a “tight distribution” characterization and associated with applicability condition parameters that are configured to test for the “tight distribution” characterization.
 10. The method of claim 8 wherein the specified angle data structures include an angle data structure corresponding to a “one or a few major players plus many smaller entities” characterization and associated with applicability condition parameters that are configured to test for the “one or a few major players plus many smaller entities” characterization.
 11. The method of claim 8 wherein the first content block data structure further specifies a plurality of parameterized blueprint set data structures in association with the specified angle data structures, each specified parameterized blueprint set data structure being configured to define how the characterization corresponding to its associated angle data structure is to be expressed as natural language text in the natural language narrative.
 12. The method of claim 7 wherein the second content block data structure specifies a plurality of angle data structures that correspond to a plurality of characterizations about the ranking, the angle data structures being associated with a plurality of applicability conditions that are expressed in terms of applicability condition parameters; and wherein the executing step comprises the narrative generation engine (1) determining whether any of the angle data structures are deemed applicable to the visualization parameter data by testing the applicability conditions associated with the angle data structures against at least one member of the group consisting of (i) the visualization parameter data and (ii) data derived from the visualization parameter data, (2) selecting an angle data structure determined as applicable to the visualization parameter data, and (3) rendering natural language text for the natural language narrative section that describes the ranking, wherein the rendered natural language text expresses the characterization corresponding to the selected angle data structure.
 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the second content block data structure further specifies a plurality of derived features that are configured to define how a ranking for a plurality of the entities is computed with respect to the entities.
 14. The method of claim 13 wherein the second content block data structure specifies a parameterized blueprint set data structure that is configured to define how the ranking is to be expressed as natural language text in the natural language narrative.
 15. The method of claim 7 wherein the third content block data structure specifies a plurality of angle data structures that correspond to a plurality of characterizations about the comparison, the angle data structures being associated with a plurality of applicability conditions that are expressed in terms of applicability condition parameters; and wherein the executing step comprises the narrative generation engine (1) determining whether any of the angle data structures are deemed applicable to the visualization parameter data by testing the applicability conditions associated with the angle data structures against at least one member of the group consisting of (i) the visualization parameter data and (ii) data derived from the visualization parameter data, (2) selecting an angle data structure determined as applicable to the visualization parameter data, and (3) rendering natural language text for the natural language narrative section that describes the comparison, wherein the rendered natural language text expresses the characterization corresponding to the selected angle data structure.
 16. The method of claim 15 wherein the third content block data structure further specifies a plurality of parameterized blueprint set data structures in association with the specified angle data structures, each specified parameterized blueprint set data structure being configured to define how the characterization corresponding to its associated angle data structure is to be expressed as natural language text in the natural language narrative.
 17. The method of claim 7 wherein the first, second, and third content block data structures are specified indirectly via a specification of at least one communication goal data structure by the story configuration.
 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the specified at least one communication goal data structure comprises: a specification of a first communication goal data structure corresponding to a “characterize distribution” communication goal; and a specification of a second communication goal data structure corresponding to a “assess component elements with respect to a set” communication goal.
 19. The method of claim 3 wherein the entities have an association with time, and wherein the processing step comprises the computer system processing the visualization metadata to identify that the visualization parameter data describes a temporal bar chart visualization type; and wherein the story configuration further comprises a specification of narrative analytics for analyzing and characterizing the visualization parameter data temporally for use in the natural language narrative.
 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the specification of narrative analytics for analyzing and characterizing the visualization parameter data temporally comprises at least one of (1) a specification of a plurality of derived features that are configured to compute at least one of (i) peaks and lows in the attribute values, (ii) first derivatives for the attribute values, (iii) second derivatives for the attribute values, and/or (iv) periods of increasing, flat, or decreasing attribute values, and/or (2) a specification of a plurality of angle data structures that are configured to evaluate trends in the attribute values based on the computed derived features.
 21. The method of claim 19 wherein the visualization metadata identifies a time measure for the bar chart, and wherein the visualization metadata processing step comprises the computer system processing the visualization metadata to identify that the visualization parameter data describes a temporal bar chart visualization type based on metadata in the visualization metadata that identifies the time measure.
 22. The method of claim 3 wherein the bar chart visualization type comprises a vertical bar chart visualization type; and wherein the story configuration further comprises a specification of narrative analytics for identifying and describing any outliers in the visualization parameter data for use in the natural language narrative.
 23. The method of claim 3 wherein the bar chart visualization type comprises a clustered bar chart visualization type related to a clustered bar chart that organizes the attribute values for the entities into a plurality of clusters, each cluster comprising the plurality of the entities; and wherein the story configuration further comprises a specification of narrative analytics for determining the distribution, the ranking, and/or the comparison across a plurality of the clusters for use in the natural language narrative.
 24. The method of claim 23 wherein the story configuration comprises: a specification of a plurality of derived features that are configured to (i) compute a plurality of ratios between attribute values for the entities within a plurality of the clusters and (ii) compute a plurality of differences between the ratios; and a specification of a plurality of angle data structures that are configured to evaluate at least one of the distribution, ranking, and/or comparison based on the computed ratios and computed differences.
 25. The method of claim 3 wherein the bar chart visualization type comprises a stacked bar chart visualization type that corresponds to a stacked bar chart organizes the attribute values for the entities into a category, each entity being a component of the category in a hierarchy; and wherein the story configuration further comprises a specification of narrative analytics for determining the distribution, the ranking, and/or the comparison in terms of the attribute values for the entities as a percentage of a total for the category or a ratio of those attribute values to each other.
 26. The method of claim 25 wherein the story configuration comprises: a specification of a plurality of derived features that are configured to (i) compute a plurality of percentages for the attribute values of each entity within the total of attribute values for the category and (ii) compute a plurality of differences between the percentages, and a specification of a plurality of angle data structures that are configured to evaluate at least one member of the group consisting of the distribution, ranking, and comparison based on the computed percentages and computed differences.
 27. The method of claim 2 wherein the story configuration specifies a plurality of angle data structures that correspond to a plurality of characterizations about the visualization parameter data, the angle data structures being associated with a plurality of applicability conditions that are expressed in terms of applicability condition parameters; and wherein the executing step comprises the narrative generation engine (1) determining whether any of the angle data structures are deemed applicable to the visualization parameter data by testing the applicability conditions associated with the angle data structures against at least one member of the group consisting of (i) the visualization parameter data and (ii) data derived from the visualization parameter data, (2) selecting an angle data structure determined as applicable to the visualization parameter data, and (3) rendering natural language text for the natural language narrative that describes the visualization parameter data, wherein the rendered natural language text expresses the characterization corresponding to the selected angle data structure.
 28. The method of claim 2 wherein the narrative analytics model is configured to identify and describe any outliers in the visualization parameter data for use in the natural language narrative.
 29. The method of claim 1 wherein the narrative generation engine is part of the computer system.
 30. The method of claim 29 wherein the computer system further comprises a visualization platform that produces the visualization parameter data.
 31. The method of claim 30 wherein the visualization platform performs at least a portion of the method steps.
 32. The method of claim 1 further comprising: the computer system receiving the visualization parameter data from a visualization platform via an application programming interface (API); and the narrative generation engine providing the natural language narrative to the visualization platform via an API for presentation on a computer in coordination with a presentation of the bar chart.
 33. An apparatus comprising: a computer system comprising a processor and memory, wherein the processor in cooperation with the memory is configured to: process visualization parameter data to determine how to translate the visualization parameter data into a natural language narrative that explains the visualization parameter data, the visualization parameter data comprising visualization data and visualization metadata suitable for a bar chart, the visualization data comprising a plurality of values for an attribute of a plurality of entities, the visualization metadata comprising (1) first metadata that identifies the bar chart as a visualization type for the attribute values, (2) second metadata that identifies the attribute, and (3) third metadata that identifies the entities, wherein the processor in cooperation with the memory is further configured to perform the following as part of the process operation: access a data structure based on at least the first metadata within the processed visualization parameter data, wherein the accessed data structure associates a bar chart visualization type with data representative of a natural language narrative that focuses on at least one of a distribution, ranking, and/or comparison of the attribute values; and map the visualization parameter data based on the accessed data structure to a narrative generation engine that is configured to apply natural language generation (NLG) to generate natural language narrative content for the natural language narrative, wherein the generated natural language narrative content describes at least one of (1) a distribution of a plurality of the attribute values for the attribute identified by the second metadata in aggregate terms, (2) a ranking of a plurality of the entities identified by the third metadata with respect to the attribute values, and/or (3) a comparison between a plurality of the entities identified by the third metadata with respect to the attribute values of those entities for the attribute identified by the second metadata; and execute the narrative generation engine based on the visualization parameter data to generate the natural language narrative content for the natural language narrative.
 34. A computer program product comprising: a plurality of instructions that are resident on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, the instructions configured for execution by a processor to cause the processor to: process visualization parameter data to determine how to translate the visualization parameter data into a natural language narrative that explains the visualization parameter data, the visualization parameter data comprising visualization data and visualization metadata suitable for a bar chart, the visualization data comprising a plurality of values for an attribute of a plurality of entities, the visualization metadata comprising (1) first metadata that identifies the bar chart as a visualization type for the attribute values, (2) second metadata that identifies the attribute, and (3) third metadata that identifies the entities, wherein the instructions are further configured for execution by the processor to cause the processor to perform the following as part of the process operation: access a data structure based on at least the first metadata within the processed visualization parameter data, wherein the accessed data structure associates a bar chart visualization type with data representative of a natural language narrative that focuses on at least one of a distribution, ranking, and/or comparison of the attribute values; and map the visualization parameter data based on the accessed data structure to a narrative generation engine that is configured to apply natural language generation (NLG) to generate natural language narrative content for the natural language narrative, wherein the generated natural language narrative content describes at least one of (1) a distribution of a plurality of the attribute values for the attribute identified by the second metadata in aggregate terms, (2) a ranking of a plurality of the entities identified by the third metadata with respect to the attribute values, and/or (3) a comparison between a plurality of the entities identified by the third metadata with respect to the attribute values of those entities for the attribute identified by the second metadata; and execute the narrative generation engine based on the visualization parameter data to generate the natural language narrative content for the natural language narrative.
 35. The computer program product of claim 34 wherein the instructions are further configured for execution by the processor to cause the processor to process the first metadata to identify that the visualization parameter data is for the bar chart visualization type; wherein the instructions are further configured for execution by the processor to cause the processor to map the visualization parameter data to the narrative generation engine by: determining a story configuration associated with the bar chart visualization type based on the accessed data structure, the story configuration comprising a specification of a plurality of derived features and a plurality of angle data structures that support a narrative analytics model for evaluation of the visualization parameter data to determine aspects of at least one of the distribution, the ranking, and/or the comparison for use in the natural language narrative; and instantiating the narrative generation engine based on the story configuration; and wherein the instructions are further configured for execution by the processor to cause the processor to execute the instantiated narrative generation engine based on the visualization parameter data to generate the natural language narrative content in accordance with the story configuration.
 36. The computer program product of claim 35 wherein the specified angle data structures and specified derived features are expressed in terms of a plurality of parameters that define a plurality of data requirements for the story configuration, and wherein the instructions are further configured for execution by the processor to cause the processor to map the visualization parameter data to the narrative generation engine by: mapping visualization data and visualization metadata within the visualization parameter data to the parameters of the specified angle data structure and the specified derived features based on a parameter mapping data structure; supplying the story configuration with its data requirements using the visualization data and visualization metadata from the visualization parameter data that were mapped to the parameters; and instantiating the narrative generation engine based on the supplied story configuration.
 37. The computer program product of claim 36 wherein the story configuration comprises: a specification of a first content block data structure, the first content block data structure specifying a narrative analytics model for a section of the natural language narrative that will describe the distribution; a specification of a second content block data structure, the second content block data structure specifying a narrative analytics model for a section of the natural language narrative that will describe the ranking; and a specification of a third content block data structure, the third content block data structure specifying a narrative analytics model for a section of the natural language narrative that will describe the comparison.
 38. The computer program product of claim 36 wherein the entities have an association with time, and wherein the instructions are further configured for execution by the processor to cause the processor to process the visualization metadata to identify that the visualization parameter data describes a temporal bar chart visualization type; and wherein the story configuration further comprises a specification of narrative analytics for analyzing and characterizing the visualization parameter data temporally for use in the natural language narrative. 